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Memes, misiones y mensajes directos marcaron una nueva etapa de la comunicación electoral brasileña. Foto de Joel Santos/Pexels.


Brazil


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Lula y la revolución digital del voto

WhatsApp, memes y misiones convirtieron millones de simpatizantes en una fuerza política organizada en Brasil.

En América Latina, donde una conversación familiar puede convertirse en debate político y un mensaje de WhatsApp recorrer un barrio entero en minutos, las campañas electorales han encontrado un nuevo territorio de disputa: el teléfono móvil. En las elecciones brasileñas de octubre de 2026, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva volvió a demostrar que la política no solo se juega en los escenarios, los debates televisivos o las plazas. También se construye en las pantallas, donde millones de personas deciden qué compartir, a quién escuchar y cómo participar.

El protagonista inesperado de esta estrategia fue André Janones, diputado y comunicador digital que transformó el canal Exército do Lula en una gigantesca red de movilización. Según Al Jazeera (2026), pasó de unos 60.000 seguidores después de la primera vuelta a casi 11 millones en vísperas de la segunda. La pregunta, sin embargo, va más allá del crecimiento: ¿cómo consiguió convertir una audiencia dispersa en una comunidad con objetivos compartidos?

De seguidores a participantes: la gamificación política

El canal había sido creado meses antes, pero la derrota relativa de Lula en la primera vuelta aceleró su transformación. Janones, que ya había participado en la estrategia digital de la campaña de 2022, propuso una dinámica sencilla: reclutar simpatizantes, distribuir tareas y multiplicar los mensajes. Cada participante podía invitar a tres personas, compartir videos o impulsar etiquetas. La consigna era dejar de ser un espectador y convertirse en parte activa de la campaña.

La fórmula incorporó elementos de la gamificación: misiones, metas colectivas, instrucciones frecuentes y señales visibles de participación, como los emojis de saludo. Aunque los seguidores no podían responder directamente en el canal, sí podían reaccionar y reenviar los contenidos. La comunicación adquirió un ritmo constante, con mensajes en mayúsculas y llamados urgentes a la acción. En lugar de limitarse a pedir el voto, la campaña ofrecía pequeñas tareas que hacían sentir a cada simpatizante útil para un objetivo común.

El mecanismo también respondía a un problema político: la fragmentación de las comunidades digitales. Según Viktor Chagas, investigador citado por Al Jazeera, el canal reunió a simpatizantes que antes estaban dispersos en distintos espacios virtuales. Los memes, los hashtags y las instrucciones coordinadas ayudaron a conectar esas redes. No era solamente una operación para acumular seguidores, sino un intento de convertir la afinidad política en acción organizada, con una estructura de difusión capaz de llegar más allá de los círculos habituales de Lula.

Un mensaje más humano y una disputa por las plataformas

La estrategia también cambió el tono de la candidatura. En vez de presentar a Lula como una figura histórica distante, la campaña buscó mostrarlo en escenas cotidianas, con videos espontáneos, conversaciones informales y una comunicación menos pulida. El hashtag #SomosTodos9Dedos convirtió una burla de Flávio Bolsonaro sobre la pérdida de un dedo de Lula en una señal de solidaridad con el trabajador que sufrió un accidente laboral. La historia personal se transformó así en un símbolo compartido.

La movilización, sin embargo, no estuvo libre de conflictos. El 11 de octubre, el presidente del Tribunal Superior Electoral (TSE), Kassio Nunes Marques, ordenó suspender el canal tras una solicitud de la campaña de Flávio Bolsonaro, que denunció la difusión de afirmaciones falsas sobre programas sociales, pensiones y declaraciones atribuidas a su candidato. Janones denunció censura. Después, la revisión técnica del tribunal no encontró, en los mensajes examinados del período del 2 al 11 de octubre, reproducciones de las afirmaciones específicas investigadas. El canal fue restablecido, aunque el proceso también estuvo condicionado por exigencias de registro electoral.

La controversia continuó. El 23 de octubre, Meta comunicó al TSE que su análisis técnico no había detectado infracciones a las políticas de WhatsApp en el canal. Esa conclusión no demuestra que cada mensaje de la campaña fuera verdadero, pero sí obliga a distinguir entre las acusaciones políticas y las infracciones verificadas. También circularon denuncias sobre restricciones técnicas que habrían perjudicado publicaciones de Lula. La información disponible documenta problemas y disputas sobre el funcionamiento de las plataformas, pero no basta para probar un sabotaje delictivo deliberado de Meta ni un respaldo estadounidense a Flávio mediante esas supuestas maniobras.

La fuerza digital y sus límites democráticos

¿Qué puede aprender América Latina de esta experiencia? En sociedades donde muchas personas se informan y conversan a través del teléfono, las herramientas digitales pueden ampliar la participación política y facilitar que ciudadanos sin grandes recursos se incorporen a una causa. En Colombia, Brasil y otros países de la región, la capacidad de organizar comunidades virtuales plantea una oportunidad para conectar territorios, visibilizar problemas locales y exigir respuestas públicas. La tecnología, sin embargo, no sustituye la confianza, la deliberación ni el trabajo comunitario.

También existen riesgos. Los mensajes urgentes, los memes y las instrucciones masivas pueden simplificar debates complejos, alimentar la polarización o amplificar contenidos de origen dudoso. La eficacia de una campaña no debe medirse solo por seguidores, reacciones o visualizaciones. Como advirtió André Pagliarini en declaraciones recogidas por Al Jazeera, resulta difícil establecer empíricamente cuántos votos produjo el canal. La victoria electoral y el crecimiento de la comunidad coinciden, pero esa coincidencia no demuestra por sí sola una relación causal.

La reflexión decisiva comienza después de las elecciones. La llamada campaña permanente puede mantener a los simpatizantes movilizados, pero también convertir la política en una confrontación interminable. El verdadero desafío consiste en transformar la energía digital en participación ciudadana sostenida, educación mediática, vigilancia democrática y soluciones para las comunidades. América Latina puede aprovechar estas herramientas para escucharse mejor, siempre que no confunda la viralidad con la verdad ni la movilización con el cambio.

Una democracia más fuerte no se construye únicamente compartiendo mensajes: se construye cuando esa voz colectiva consigue mejorar la vida de las personas.

By Estefanía Muriel for Ruta Pantera on 10/29/2026 8:43:41 AM


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References:
Khandaker, T. (2026, October 27). The WhatsApp 'general' behind Lula's election comeback in Brazil. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/10/27/the-whatsapp-general-behind-lulas-election-comeback-in-brazil
Martín, M., & Royo Gual, J. (2026, October 27). André Janones, the WhatsApp general who turned Lula's election around. EL PAÍS. https://elpais.com/america/2026-10-27/andre-janones-el-general-de-whatsapp-que-le-dio-la-vuelta-a-la-eleccion-de-lula.html
Richter, A. (2026, October 12). TSE technicians did not find false content on the Exército do Lula channel. Brazil Agency. https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2026-10/tecnicos-do-tse-nao-encontram-conteudo-falso-no-canal-exercito-do-lula
Richter, A. (2026, October 23). Meta tells the TSE that Lula's Army does not violate platform policies. Brazil Agency. https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/justica/noticia/2026-10/meta-diz-ao-tse-que-exercito-do-lula-nao-viola-politicas-da-plataforma
Al Jazeera. (2026, October 26). What will Lula's fourth term mean for Brazil? https://www.aljazeera.com/video/inside-story/2026/10/26/what-will-lulas-fourth-term-mean-for-brazil
Associated Press. (2026, October 26). Lula's win in Brazil bucks a regional shift to the right and denies Trump a powerful ally. APNews. https://apnews.com/article/brazil-election-lula-bolsonaro-trump-sheinbaum-minerals-03308034b03be5e3dd1ee65b9fc9e90d
Chatham House. (2026, October 26; updated October 27). Lula wins Brazil's presidential election; Trump says vote looks 'rigged': Early analysis from Chatham House experts. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2026/10/lula-wins-brazils-presidential-election-bolsonaro-refuses-accept-result-early-analysis
Al Jazeera Staff. (2026, October 26). How did Lula beat Bolsonaro after losing Brazil's first-round election? https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/10/26/how-did-lula-beat-bolsonaro-after-losing-brazils-first-round-election
Prensa Latina. (2026, October 12). Lula support channel on WhatsApp lacks false content. https://www.prensa-latina.cu/2026/10/12/canal-de-apoyo-a-lula-en-whatsapp-carece-de-contenidos-falsos/


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