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México reduz em 86% a área de proteção da vaquita-marinha e aumenta o risco de extinção

Mudança nas regras de pesca permite o uso de redes de emalhe em águas antes restritas.

México reduziu em 86% a área protegida destinada à conservação da vaquita-marinha (Phocoena sinus), uma decisão que altera as medidas de proteção de um dos mamíferos marinhos mais ameaçados do mundo. Com as novas regras, a área onde as redes de emalhe são proibidas diminui de aproximadamente 11.106 quilômetros quadrados para 1.562 quilômetros quadrados, permitindo a pesca com essas redes em águas que antes estavam sujeitas a restrições.

A vaquita-marinha é um pequeno cetáceo da família das toninhas que vive exclusivamente no norte do Golfo da Califórnia. Sua distribuição geográfica extremamente limitada torna qualquer mudança nas regras de pesca especialmente relevante: a espécie não pode simplesmente migrar para outro habitat oceânico se as condições piorarem.

Uma população reduzida sob ameaça constante

As vaquitas ficam presas acidentalmente em redes de emalhe, barreiras verticais utilizadas para capturar peixes e camarões. Sem conseguir chegar à superfície para respirar, os animais presos podem morrer afogados. A população da espécie diminuiu drasticamente em relação aos cerca de 600 indivíduos estimados em 1997. Estimativas recentes indicam que restam aproximadamente 10 animais, embora seja difícil determinar o número exato, pois eles são esquivos e ocupam uma área restrita.

A pesca ilegal da totoaba, um peixe cuja bexiga natatória alcança preços elevados no mercado clandestino, agrava o problema. As vaquitas ficam presas nas redes utilizadas para capturar essa espécie, tornando o combate à pesca ilegal e a restrição das redes de emalhe fundamentais para sua sobrevivência.

Novas regras para a pesca e a conservação

O governo mexicano defende as mudanças como uma tentativa de conciliar a proteção da espécie com os meios de subsistência das comunidades pesqueiras. O acordo também estabelece um corredor de trânsito pela Zona de Tolerância Zero e modifica algumas restrições à pesca, mantendo exigências de monitoramento das embarcações.

Organizações conservacionistas alertam que permitir novamente o uso de redes de emalhe em águas antes restritas aumenta o risco de mortes acidentais de vaquitas. O Center for Biological Diversity criticou a redução das proteções e advertiu que o enfraquecimento das medidas existentes pode aproximar ainda mais a espécie da extinção.

O desafio não consiste apenas em definir uma área protegida maior ou menor. A conservação efetiva exige evitar que os animais fiquem presos nas redes, monitorar a atividade pesqueira e garantir que as restrições sejam cumpridas no mar.

O Que Pode Acontecer a Seguir

As autoridades mexicanas indicaram que planejam uma nova campanha de monitoramento acústico e visual para 2027, com a participação de órgãos governamentais, organizações conservacionistas e comunidades locais. A eficácia da iniciativa dependerá da capacidade de agir diante das ameaças identificadas e de impedir efetivamente as práticas de pesca que colocam as vaquitas em perigo.

Com tão poucos indivíduos sobreviventes, as consequências das mudanças nas regras de proteção são especialmente graves. O futuro da vaquita-marinha dependerá da capacidade do México de proteger a espécie e aplicar normas pesqueiras eficazes que mantenham as redes mortais fora de seu habitat.

By Heydi Bernal for Ruta Pantera on 10/17/2026 8:50:07 AM


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References:
WIRED. (2026, 16 de outubro). La vaquita marina pierde 86% de su área protegida en México. https://es.wired.com/articulos/la-vaquita-marina-pierde-86-por-ciento-de-su-area-protegida-en-mexico
Center for Biological Diversity. (2026, 15 de outubro). Mexico eviscerates vaquita protections. https://biologicaldiversity.org/w/news/press-releases/mexico-eviscerates-vaquita-protections-2026-10-15/



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