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La energía continúa siendo uno de los factores más influyentes en las relaciones entre México y Cuba. La posible reanudación de los envíos de combustible podría aliviar temporalmente la crisis energética de la isla mientras se buscan soluciones de largo plazo. Foto: Manu Guzman / Pexels.


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HEMISPHERE -------------------------------3067NEWS STORY

México y Cuba: el petróleo vuelve al centro de una relación histórica en un momento decisivo

La crisis energética de la isla reabre un viejo capítulo de cooperación regional.

Durante gran parte del último siglo, el petróleo ha sido uno de los recursos más influyentes de América Latina. Ha impulsado economías, fortalecido alianzas diplomáticas y redefinido el equilibrio político de regiones enteras. Hoy, esa historia vuelve a cobrar relevancia en el Caribe. La posibilidad de que México reanude el envío de combustible a Cuba llega en un momento crítico para la isla, que enfrenta una de las crisis energéticas más severas de su historia reciente y busca desesperadamente nuevas fuentes de abastecimiento para mantener en funcionamiento su economía.

La noticia ha llamado la atención porque va mucho más allá de una simple operación comercial. Refleja la importancia que la energía continúa teniendo en la política regional y recuerda que, incluso en una época dominada por la inteligencia artificial y las energías renovables, el petróleo sigue siendo un factor determinante para millones de personas.

La magnitud del desafío cubano es considerable. Con una población cercana a los 11 millones de habitantes, la isla consume entre 120.000 y 140.000 barriles de petróleo diarios, pero produce menos de la mitad de esa cantidad. El resto debe ser importado para alimentar centrales eléctricas, sistemas de transporte, industrias, hospitales y servicios esenciales. Cuando esos suministros disminuyen, el impacto se siente rápidamente en toda la economía.

Durante décadas, Venezuela desempeñó el papel de principal proveedor energético de Cuba. En los años de mayor cooperación bilateral, los envíos llegaron a superar los 100.000 barriles diarios, una cifra que convirtió a la energía en uno de los pilares de la relación entre ambos países. Sin embargo, los problemas económicos venezolanos, la caída de la producción petrolera y las sanciones internacionales redujeron significativamente esos flujos, dejando a Cuba cada vez más vulnerable a interrupciones de suministro.

Los efectos han sido visibles. En distintos momentos de los últimos años, más del 50 % del territorio cubano llegó a experimentar cortes simultáneos de electricidad debido a problemas de generación y abastecimiento. Los apagones se han convertido en una de las principales preocupaciones para la población, afectando desde la conservación de alimentos hasta el funcionamiento de pequeños negocios y servicios públicos.

Lo que hace especialmente compleja la situación es que buena parte de la infraestructura energética cubana fue construida hace varias décadas. Algunas de las principales centrales termoeléctricas de la isla tienen más de 40 años de operación y requieren inversiones constantes para mantenerse activas. Los expertos señalan que el problema no es únicamente la falta de combustible, sino también la necesidad de modernizar una red eléctrica sometida a una presión creciente.

En este contexto, México ha adquirido una relevancia estratégica inesperada. Aunque históricamente ambos países han mantenido relaciones diplomáticas estables, el papel energético mexicano se ha fortalecido en los últimos años. Para comprender la diferencia de escala, basta observar que México produce alrededor de 1,6 millones de barriles de petróleo al día. Desde esa perspectiva, los volúmenes enviados a Cuba representan una porción relativamente pequeña de su capacidad productiva. Para la isla, en cambio, pueden marcar una diferencia significativa en la estabilidad de su sistema energético.

La geografía también juega un papel importante. En su punto más cercano, la distancia entre la Península de Yucatán y Cuba es de apenas unos 210 kilómetros. Esa cercanía ha convertido históricamente a ambos países en socios naturales dentro del Caribe, facilitando intercambios comerciales, culturales y marítimos mucho antes de la aparición de las actuales rutas energéticas.

La relación entre petróleo y diplomacia tiene profundas raíces en América Latina. Durante los años setenta, México utilizó su creciente producción petrolera para fortalecer su influencia regional. Décadas más tarde, Venezuela impulsó iniciativas como Petrocaribe, mediante las cuales varios países caribeños recibieron combustibles bajo condiciones preferenciales. Para muchos analistas, los actuales movimientos energéticos en torno a Cuba representan una nueva versión de esa larga tradición de cooperación basada en recursos estratégicos.

Existen además datos poco conocidos que ayudan a comprender la importancia de la energía para la isla. La refinería de Cienfuegos, una de las instalaciones industriales más importantes de Cuba, fue modernizada gracias a acuerdos energéticos regionales y llegó a convertirse en un símbolo de integración económica caribeña. Asimismo, los combustibles importados no solo alimentan centrales eléctricas; también permiten operar sistemas de transporte, maquinaria agrícola y sectores vinculados al turismo, una de las principales fuentes de ingresos del país.

La situación resulta especialmente relevante para el sector turístico. Cuba recibe cada año millones de visitantes atraídos por sus ciudades históricas, playas y patrimonio cultural. Sin embargo, la estabilidad energética es fundamental para garantizar el funcionamiento de hoteles, aeropuertos, restaurantes y servicios relacionados con la experiencia turística. En un país donde el turismo representa una fuente esencial de divisas, la disponibilidad de combustible tiene implicaciones que van mucho más allá de la generación eléctrica.

Paradójicamente, esta nueva discusión ocurre en un momento en que el mundo acelera su transición hacia fuentes renovables de energía. Mientras numerosos países invierten en energía solar, eólica e hidrógeno verde, gran parte del Caribe continúa dependiendo de combustibles fósiles importados. Esa dependencia convierte a la región en una de las más vulnerables del planeta frente a interrupciones de suministro y fluctuaciones de precios internacionales.

La posible reanudación de los envíos mexicanos no resolverá por sí sola los desafíos estructurales que enfrenta Cuba. Sin embargo, podría proporcionar un alivio importante mientras la isla busca soluciones de largo plazo para modernizar su sistema energético y diversificar sus fuentes de abastecimiento.

Más allá de la coyuntura, la noticia demuestra que el petróleo sigue siendo mucho más que una mercancía. Continúa siendo una herramienta de influencia, una pieza clave de la diplomacia regional y un recurso capaz de afectar la vida cotidiana de millones de personas. En el Caribe de 2026, la energía vuelve a recordar que algunas de las historias más importantes de la región todavía se escriben alrededor de un barril de petróleo.

By Heydi Bernal for Ruta Pantera on 6/23/2026 7:55:13 AM

×
References:
Associated Press. (2026, junio). Mexico considers resuming fuel shipments to Cuba amid island's energy crisis. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/mexico-oil-fuel-shipments-cuba-petroleum-1c4e1b2c17185cd3e3e924c6dd963b0c
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2025). Country analysis executive summary: Cuba. U.S. Department of Energy. https://www.eia.gov
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). (2025). Panorama energético de América Latina y el Caribe. Naciones Unidas. https://www.cepal.org
Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex). (2025). Informe anual y resultados operativos. https://www.pemex.com
Organización Latinoamericana de Energía (OLADE). (2025). Estadísticas energéticas de América Latina y el Caribe. https://www.olade.org


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