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Operativo policial en Estados Unidos. Imagen: StockSnap de Pixabay.


Latin America
LATIN AMERICA ------------------------------------2498ADVISORY

La expansión histórica de los acuerdos entre la policía local y ICE

La Expansión del 287(g) Redefine la Inmigración y Reactiva el Debate sobre Seguridad Pública y Derechos Civiles

En Estados Unidos, una transformación silenciosa pero profunda está alterando el mapa de la aplicación migratoria. Los acuerdos que permiten a las agencias policiales locales colaborar directamente con el Servicio de Inmigración y Control de Aduanas (ICE) han crecido de manera exponencial, convirtiéndose en uno de los cambios estructurales más significativos en la política migratoria reciente.

Lo que hasta hace poco era un programa limitado a ciertas jurisdicciones hoy se ha expandido a cientos de departamentos de policía y oficinas de sheriffs en casi 40 estados. Bajo la autoridad de la sección 287(g) de la Ley de Inmigración y Nacionalidad, oficiales locales reciben capacitación federal para ejercer funciones que tradicionalmente estaban reservadas a agentes migratorios.

La expansión no es menor. En el último año, el número de acuerdos activos se ha multiplicado varias veces, impulsado por una política federal que promueve una aplicación migratoria más amplia y descentralizada. En la práctica, esto significa que la inmigración ya no es únicamente una competencia federal: ahora también es una responsabilidad local.

La nueva arquitectura del control migratorio

El programa 287(g) permite que policías locales interroguen a detenidos sobre su estatus migratorio, emitan órdenes de retención y coordinen directamente con ICE para transferencias a custodia federal. En algunos modelos, como el denominado “Task Force”, los oficiales pueden ejercer funciones migratorias durante patrullajes rutinarios, ampliando significativamente su margen de actuación.

Para el gobierno federal, esta cooperación multiplica la capacidad operativa sin necesidad de ampliar de forma proporcional el número de agentes federales. Para los gobiernos locales que se suman al programa, representa alinearse con una política de seguridad más estricta y, en algunos casos, acceder a entrenamiento y recursos adicionales.

Pero este rediseño también transforma la naturaleza del contacto cotidiano entre policía y comunidad. Una detención por una infracción menor puede convertirse en el punto de partida de un proceso migratorio. La frontera, en ese sentido, ya no está solo en el límite territorial del país: puede comenzar en una parada de tránsito.

Confianza comunitaria y fractura política

El crecimiento de estos acuerdos ha reavivado un debate nacional que parecía parcialmente contenido en años recientes. Defensores de la medida sostienen que fortalece la seguridad pública y mejora la coordinación entre niveles de gobierno. Argumentan que quienes violan leyes migratorias y cometen delitos deben enfrentar consecuencias claras.

Críticos, en cambio, advierten que involucrar a la policía local en funciones migratorias erosiona la confianza de comunidades inmigrantes, que pueden temer denunciar delitos o colaborar con investigaciones por miedo a una posible deportación. Organizaciones de derechos civiles han señalado riesgos de perfilamiento racial y cuestionan los mecanismos de supervisión del programa.

El resultado es un mapa fragmentado. Mientras algunos estados promueven activamente estos acuerdos, otros han intentado limitarlos o prohibirlos, alegando que la seguridad pública depende de una relación de confianza entre la policía y la población a la que sirve.

Más allá de las cifras, lo que está en juego es el modelo mismo de aplicación migratoria en Estados Unidos. La expansión del 287(g) no solo amplía competencias: redefine responsabilidades, desplaza fronteras institucionales y convierte la inmigración en un asunto cada vez más presente en la vida local.

En este nuevo escenario, la pregunta ya no es si la política migratoria es estricta o flexible. La pregunta es quién la ejecuta, cómo la ejecuta y a qué costo social.

La frontera, hoy, puede comenzar en cualquier calle del país.

By Heydi Bernal for Ruta Pantera on 2/17/2026 3:48:23 PM

×
References:
NBC News. (2026). Agreements allowing local police to work with ICE skyrocket. NBC News. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. (2025). 287(g) Program Overview. Department of Homeland Security. American Immigration Council. (2024). The 287(g) Program: An Overview and Analysis. American Immigration Council. El País (English Edition). (2026). Local police agreements with ICE are skyrocketing in the United States.


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