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El ascenso sin control de los súper ricos en América Latina

La amenaza a la democracia regional

En los últimos años, América Latina y el Caribe han sido testigos de un fenómeno preocupante: el crecimiento acelerado de las fortunas de un pequeño grupo de multimillonarios, mientras la mayoría de la población enfrenta estancamiento económico y presiones financieras cotidianas. Según datos recientes publicados por Oxfam, la región cuenta ahora con 109 multimillonarios —una cifra récord que representa 14 más que a finales de 2024— cuya riqueza combinada alcanza casi los 622.000 millones de dólares. Esta cantidad es comparable al producto interno bruto combinado de economías importantes como Chile y Perú.

Este aumento no puede explicarse únicamente por el dinamismo económico general. Si bien el PIB regional ha crecido a tasas modestas —alrededor del 2,4 % en 2024, con proyecciones similares para periodos recientes—, la riqueza de estos súper ricos se ha expandido de manera desproporcionada, hasta 16 veces más rápido que la economía en ciertos intervalos. Una gran parte de esta riqueza —cerca del 65 %— se concentra en sectores estratégicos como las finanzas, las telecomunicaciones, los medios de comunicación y la energía, ámbitos en los que la cercanía al poder del Estado es clave para mantener ventajas competitivas y regulatorias.

Lo que agrava aún más el panorama es el origen de gran parte de esta acumulación. Más de la mitad —53,8 %— de estos súper ricos heredaron la totalidad o parte de sus fortunas, una cifra significativamente superior al promedio mundial del 37,3 %. Esto apunta a la consolidación de dinastías económicas que transmiten no solo capital, sino también redes intergeneracionales de influencia.

Cuando la riqueza compra influencia

La principal alarma radica en cómo esta concentración extrema distorsiona el funcionamiento democrático. Oxfam advierte que el desequilibrio social derivado de esta dinámica permite la “compra de influencia política”, convirtiendo la democracia en un sistema donde el poder real reside en unos pocos y no en la ciudadanía en su conjunto. Cuando el dinero financia campañas, moldea agendas legislativas o controla narrativas mediáticas, las decisiones públicas tienden a priorizar intereses privados por encima del bien común.

Un indicador concreto de esta tendencia es el origen de los líderes políticos: entre 2000 y 2025, al menos 16 presidentes en 11 países de la región asumieron el poder tras haber dirigido grandes corporaciones. Este patrón sugiere que el acceso al poder ejecutivo no siempre surge de trayectorias representativas, sino de caminos corporativos que facilitan la protección de privilegios económicos. El resultado es un círculo vicioso: políticas fiscales regresivas que resguardan el capital acumulado, debilitan la capacidad redistributiva del Estado y perpetúan la desigualdad.

Los sistemas tributarios regionales refuerzan esta asimetría. Los súper ricos aportan menos de una cuarta parte de sus ingresos en impuestos —a menudo por debajo del 20 %— mientras que la mitad más pobre de la población destina casi la mitad de sus recursos a cargas fiscales, principalmente indirectas como el IVA. Solo cinco países gravan la riqueza neta y apenas nueve aplican impuestos a herencias o donaciones, dejando un vacío fiscal que favorece la acumulación y limita la inversión en salud, educación y protección social.

Este desequilibrio no es solo económico; tiene profundas repercusiones políticas. Estudios internacionales indican que los países con mayor desigualdad tienen hasta siete veces más probabilidades de experimentar erosión democrática, incluyendo el debilitamiento de los controles institucionales, restricciones a las libertades civiles y manipulación electoral. En América Latina —ya la región más desigual del planeta— esta concentración de riqueza y poder amenaza con profundizar las divisiones sociales y erosionar la confianza en las instituciones.

Hacia un nuevo pacto fiscal

Ante este escenario, Oxfam propone medidas concretas para revertir la tendencia. Los gobiernos deberían implementar planes nacionales contra la desigualdad con objetivos claros, cronogramas definidos y mecanismos de monitoreo independientes. Gravar la riqueza y las herencias del 1 % más rico permitiría limitar el poder desproporcionado de las élites y generar recursos para políticas inclusivas. Además, resulta esencial regular la influencia política y mediática de estos grupos, garantizando transparencia en el financiamiento de campañas y una separación efectiva entre el poder económico y la toma de decisiones públicas.

Proteger las libertades democráticas y fortalecer la participación ciudadana es indispensable para contrarrestar la “pobreza política” producida por la exclusión de amplios sectores de la sociedad. Sin acciones decididas, el riesgo es que la democracia misma se convierta en un privilegio de minorías en lugar de un mecanismo de representación genuina.

La concentración extrema de la riqueza en América Latina no es un fenómeno aislado ni inevitable. Representa una elección colectiva que, de no corregirse, podría comprometer el futuro de la región. Reequilibrar el poder económico y político no solo fortalecería la democracia, sino que también abriría el camino hacia un desarrollo más justo y sostenible.

By Jazmin Agudelo for Ruta Pantera on 1/20/2026 11:36:15 AM

×
References:
Oxfam. (2026). Riqueza sin control, democracia en riesgo: ¿por qué América Latina y el Caribe necesitan un nuevo pacto fiscal? Oxfam International. Oxfam. (2026). Contra el imperio de los más ricos. Defendiendo la democracia frente al poder de los milmillonarios. Oxfam International. Oxfam. (2026, 19 de enero). Aumento de riqueza de superricos en Latinoamérica pone en riesgo la democracia [Comunicado de prensa]. Recuperado de fuentes periodísticas internacionales (EFE, Infobae, Diario Libre). García-Parra, G. (2026). Declaraciones en informe Oxfam sobre desigualdad en América Latina y el Caribe. Oxfam en América Latina y el Caribe.


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