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Greenland's future demands a balance between security, sovereignty, and environmental protection. Photo by Mikhail Nilov/Pexels.




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Greenland: Oil, Minerals, and Environmental Risks

The Dispute Over Its Resources Pits the Protection of the Arctic Against Sovereignty and the Future of Its Inhabitants.

By Estefanía Muriel for Ruta Pantera on 10/16/2026 11:23:18 AM

Beneath Greenland's ice lies an economic promise that has piqued Washington's interest: oil, gas, and strategic minerals. But what price would one of the planet's most fragile ecosystems pay if industrial exploration were to increase? For those of us in Latin America who have witnessed how mining transforms mountains, pollutes rivers, and divides communities, the question is all too familiar: who reaps the wealth and who bears the consequences?

On October 14, 2026, Donald Trump again announced plans to explore for resources on the island, describing it as "our beautiful new Greenland," according to the Associated Press. However, the security agreement signed on September 22 by the United States, Denmark, and Greenland does not grant drilling rights or automatically authorize mining operations. The difference is fundamental: political ambition does not supersede the licenses required by law.

An Ecosystem Vulnerable to Industrial Exploitation

An oil expansion could cause spills in icy waters, persistent pollution, disturbances to marine mammals, and damage to bird breeding grounds. The cold, the darkness of winter, the ice, and the vast distances make detecting and containing accidents difficult. Added to this are greenhouse gas emissions and the cumulative impacts of roads, ports, drilling, and industrial transport on landscapes that are slowly recovering.

Mining is not without its risks. Waste, toxic metals, and polluting runoff can affect rivers, fjords, and fishing grounds if not managed properly. Melting ice associated with global warming might facilitate some operations, but it also increases the instability of terrain and infrastructure. The existence of potential resources does not mean they are easy, cheap, or environmentally sustainable to extract.

Greenland has already taken a significant step: in 2021, its government stopped issuing new oil and gas licenses for environmental and climate reasons. Previous permits did not automatically expire. This measure demonstrates that resource policy is not determined solely by the interests of foreign powers, but also by decisions made on the island itself.

Who Controls the Resources and Who Receives the Benefits

Although the agreement reaffirms the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Denmark, Greenland enjoys self-government and manages its mineral resources through its own institutions. Naalakkersuisut, the Greenlandic Government, exercises legislative and administrative powers over mineral resources, including licensing. Denmark, for its part, retains responsibilities in areas reserved for the Kingdom, such as foreign policy, defense, and security. The United States does not obtain exploitation rights in exchange for expanding its military presence.

Greenlandic legislation establishes mechanisms to regulate licenses and require compliance with safety, social sustainability, health, and environmental protection standards. Environmental assessments, specific permit conditions, monitoring, and restoration obligations can help prevent damage. However, their effectiveness depends on independent controls, sufficient inspections, transparency, applicable penalties, and emergency response plans tailored to the Arctic.

According to the Self-Government Act, revenues from mineral resource activities belong to Greenland, although a mechanism exists whereby revenues exceeding a legal threshold partially reduce the annual Danish subsidy. Therefore, simply promising investments is not enough: what matters is how much money stays on the island, what jobs are created, and who pays for the repairs if a disaster occurs.
Defense, Geopolitics, and Self-Determination

The September agreement has an explicitly strategic objective. It allows for the expansion of US activities at the Pituffik spaceport and envisions new defense areas in Narsarsuaq and Mestersvig, subject to established procedures. It also strengthens security cooperation within NATO. Its text recognizes both Danish sovereignty and the right of the Greenlandic people to self-determination, in addition to mentioning environmental protection and traditional ways of life.

This combination of military and economic interests could increase tensions with Russia and China, strategic competitors in the Arctic, and test trust between European and American allies. But the crucial issue shouldn't be resolved solely in Washington, Copenhagen, or military offices: Greenland's approximately 56,000 inhabitants need to be effectively involved in decisions that affect their territory, their fishing, their culture, and their political future.

Greenland and Latin America: The Limits of Power and the Defense of Sovereignty

Trump can announce investments, pressure his allies, and reinforce the US military presence, but he cannot turn Greenland into his property or freely dispose of its resources. His aspirations clash with the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Denmark, Greenland's political autonomy, environmental laws, the costs of operating in the Arctic, and the right of its inhabitants to decide their future. Even Washington's economic and military power has limits when it needs political legitimacy, permits, and international cooperation. The real question is not how much Trump wants to extract from the island, but how much he can obtain without provoking a diplomatic crisis, compromising irreplaceable ecosystems, or ignoring the will of those who live there. Because claiming a territory for its strategic value is one thing, but obtaining the right to transform it is quite another.

The Latin American experience offers both a warning and an opportunity. From mining conflicts to the defense of the Amazon, we know that natural resources can finance development, but they can also leave behind pollution and inequality when communities are left behind. Greenland deserves demanding regulations, public information, local participation, and the real capacity to stop dangerous projects. For Latin America, the lesson is equally urgent: strengthening our institutions, environmental science, and community rights is a concrete way to defend sovereignty. The wealth of a territory is not measured solely by what is extracted, but by what it manages to conserve for future generations.

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References:
Al Jazeera Staff, & Reuters. (2026, October 14). Trump says oil, gas and mineral exploration to begin in Greenland . Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/10/14/trump-says-oil-gas-and-mineral-exploration-to-begin-in-greenland
Associated Press. (2026, October 14). Trump says oil, gas and mineral exploration in Greenland is set to begin. It's not that simple . APNews. https://apnews.com/article/greenland-denmark-trump-oil-security-rare-earths-2974b68aae17d97a69439bd100847d24
CNN. (2026, October 14). Trump Greenland oil gas minerals . CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2026/10/14/politics/trump-greenland-oil-gas-minerals-intl-hnk
Danish Ministry of State. (sf). Greenland . The Prime Minister's Office. https://stm.dk/en/the-prime-ministers-office/the-unity-of-the-realm/greenland/
Danish Ministry of State. (sf). The Unity of the Realm . The Prime Minister's Office. https://english.stm.dk/the-prime-ministers-office/the-unity-of-the-realm
Danish Ministry of State. (2009). Act on Greenland Self-Government (Act No. 473 of 12 June 2009). https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2009/473
Emilio Ordiz. (September 22, 2026). Denmark and Greenland "dress up" an existing agreement so Trump can sell the new pact on the island as a success . 20minutos. https://www.20minutos.es/internacional/dinamarca-groenlandia-maquillan-un-atrabajo-que-ya-existe-para-que-trump-venda-como-un-exito-nuevo-pacto-sobre-isla_7039382_0.html
Government of Greenland. (sf). Mining Act . Mineral Resources Authority. https://govmin.gl/exploration-prospecting/get-an-exploration-licence/mining-act/
Government of Greenland. (sf). Nunap Qeqqa/Jameson Land . Naalakkersuisut. https://naalakkersuisut.gl/Departementer/Erhverv_og_Raastoffer/Nunap-Qeqqa_Jameson-Land?sc_lang=da
Government of the United States of America, Government of the Kingdom of Denmark, & Government of Greenland. (2026, September 22). Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with the Government of Greenland to amend and supplement the agreement of 27 April 1951 pursuant to the North Atlantic Treaty concerning the defense of Greenland . The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/2026/09/agreement-between-the-government-of-the-united-states-of-america-and-the-government-of-the-kingdom-of-denmark-together-with-the-government-of-greenland-to-amend-and-supplement-the-agreement-of-27-apri/
Reuters. (2026, October 14). Denmark says US resource exploration in Greenland must respect local laws . https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/trump-says-oil-gas-mineral-exploration-begin-greenland-2026-10-14/
Statsministeriet. (2009). Greenland Self-Government Act . https://english.stm.dk/media/4vgewyoh/gl-selvstyrelov-uk.pdf
Wikipedia contributors. (sf). Greenland . Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland
Al Jazeera. (n.d.). Al Jazeera: Homepage . https://www.aljazeera.com/#flips-6406842974112
Al Jazeera. (n.d.). Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/#flips-6406842974112


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