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Peru
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The Multifaceted World of "Chicha"

By Jazmin Agudelo for Ruta Pantera on 10/18/2025 11:32:43 AM

In the vibrant cultural tapestry of Peru, few terms carry as much depth and complexity as "chicha." For Peruvians, this word evokes a sacred fermented corn beverage, a bold form of popular art, an urban cultural movement, and, most notably, a genre of Peruvian cumbia music. Yet, its history is not solely one of celebration. During the massive migrations of Andean indigenous peoples to Lima in the 20th century, "chicha" was used as a derogatory term to mock the emerging immigrant culture. In the musical sphere, the term has become highly controversial, reflecting social tensions, identity struggles, and even violence in contemporary Peruvian society.
Chicha as a Beverage Chicha as a drink has deep roots in Andean history, predating the Inca Empire by over a thousand years. Its etymology is debated but often linked to the Panamanian indigenous word "chibcha," meaning "corn." In pre-Inca cultures such as Chavín, Marcavalle, and Tiwanaku, chicha was a dietary staple and a sacred element in religious rituals, offered as a tribute to the dead and to appease deities. During the Inca Empire (13th to 16th centuries), chicha spread across territories from Peru to Ecuador, Chile, and Argentina, adapting to local ingredients like oca, yuca, or quinoa. The traditional preparation of chicha de güiñapo, a variant made from purple corn (Zea mays L.), is meticulous. Corn kernels are partially germinated in stone containers called "poyos," sun-dried, ground on a "batán" (stone mill), and boiled for hours. The liquid is then fermented in ceramic "chombas" using residues from previous batches as a starter. It is served in "caporales" glasses, reminiscent of ancient Inca "keros." In regions like Arequipa, variations depend on local practices; in traditional areas like Characato, native corn and ancestral tools yield a longer fermentation and authentic flavor. Culturally, chicha remains sacred. In contemporary ceremonies at high-altitude locations like Viraco (over 3,000 meters above sea level), it is offered to the Pachamama (Mother Earth) during solstices in February and June, alongside flowers, coca leaves, and llama fat, to ensure bountiful harvests. Omitting chicha is believed to bring poor yields, underscoring its spiritual role. With Spanish colonization, chicha evolved, giving rise to "chicherías" and "picanterías," social spaces that preserved its essence in ethnic cuisine. Today, chicha morada, a non-alcoholic version rich in antioxidants from purple corn, is ubiquitous in Peru and has inspired modern fusions like "blueberry chicha" abroad.

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